Android View体系 - 测量篇

Posted by SpirytusZ on 2022-03-22

前言

View的三大流程之一:测量要解决的问题就是画多大的问题。我们都知道,Android的View结构是一个多叉树,在这么一个数据结构之下,对于每个节点View,它们是如何独立解决画多大这个问题呢?

本文将从源码的角度,分析View的测量代码,尝试探索View是如何解决画多大的问题。

View的测量

从上篇文章:Android View体系 - performTraversals篇可以知道,测量的入口在ViewRootImpl的performTraversals方法内的performMeasure方法,点进去看看:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// ViewRootImpl.java

public final WindowManager.LayoutParams mWindowAttributes = new WindowManager.LayoutParams();
...
private void performTraversals() {
...
performMeasure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
...
}

private void performMeasure(int childWidthMeasureSpec, int childHeightMeasureSpec) {
...
mView.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
...
}

performTraversals内部调用了performMeasure方法,而performMeasure又调用了View的measure方法:

1
2
3
4
5
//  View.java

public final void measure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
...
}

首先它是public final的,外部可以调用,但不允许子类重写,主导View的测量流程:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
// View.java

public final void measure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
...
final boolean forceLayout = (mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT) == PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT;

final boolean specChanged = widthMeasureSpec != mOldWidthM
|| heightMeasureSpec != mOldHeightMeasureSpec;
final boolean isSpecExactly = MeasureSpec.getMode(widthMeasureSpec) == MeasureSpec.EXACTLY
&& MeasureSpec.getMode(heightMeasureSpec) == MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
final boolean matchesSpecSize = getMeasuredWidth() == MeasureSpec.getSize(widthMeasureSpec)
&& getMeasuredHeight() == MeasureSpec.getSize(heightMeasureSpec);
final boolean needsLayout = specChanged
&& (sAlwaysRemeasureExactly || !isSpecExactly || !matchesSpecSize);

if (forceLayout || needsLayout) {
mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET;

int cacheIndex = forceLayout ? -1 : mMeasureCache.indexOfKey(key);
if (cacheIndex < 0 || sIgnoreMeasureCache) {
onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec);
mPrivateFlags3 &= ~PFLAG3_MEASURE_NEEDED_BEFORE_LAYOUT;
} else {
long value = mMeasureCache.valueAt(cacheIndex);
setMeasuredDimensionRaw((int) (value >> 32), (int) value);
mPrivateFlags3 |= PFLAG3_MEASURE_NEEDED_BEFORE_LAYOUT;
}
...
}
...
mMeasureCache.put(key, ((long) mMeasuredWidth) << 32 |
(long) mMeasuredHeight & 0xffffffffL);
}

从代码中可以看出,只有forceLayout || needsLayout为true,才会有可能去执行测量逻辑。

  • forceLayout - 取决于是否有PFLAG_FORCE_LAYOUT 这个flag,一般在requestLayout方法调用后会带这个flag
  • needsLayout - 取决于传递过来的MeasureSpec:
    • specChanged - MeasureSpec是否有改变
    • isSpecExactly - 宽高都为match_parent
    • matchesSpecSize - 宽高是否跟上次的测量结果相同

进入到if分支,如果是强制布局,就会走测量流程:调用onMeasure;否则就会使用上次的缓存,调用setMeasuredDimensionRaw保存结果。

最后将测量结果保存到缓存中,测量结束。

MeasureSpec

在测量过程中,频繁出现MeasureSpec的身影,MeasureSpec是什么?我认为是父View对子View的约束,子View需要在这个约束之下进行测量。MeasureSpec的结构如下:

可以从图中看出:

  • size ∈ [1, 2^30^ -1]
  • mode ∈ { EXACTLY, AT_MOST, UNSPECIFIED }

size代表尺寸,mode是MeasureSpec内部定义的与LayoutParams相关的三种模式,如下:

MeasureSpec.mode 对应的LayoutParams 含义
EXACTLY MATCH_PARENT、指定值 测量前View就知道它该多大
AT_MOST WRAP_CONTENT 测量前View不知道该多大,自适应模式,尺寸不能超过size
UNSPECIFIED / View对子View的尺寸不做限制

mode和size的解封装,只需要使用位操作即可:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
// View.MeasureSpec.java
private static final int MODE_SHIFT = 30;

private static final int MODE_MASK = 0x3 << MODE_SHIFT;

public static int makeMeasureSpec(
@IntRange(from = 0, to = (1 << MeasureSpec.MODE_SHIFT) - 1) int size,
@MeasureSpecMode int mode
) {
...
return (size & ~MODE_MASK) | (mode & MODE_MASK);
}

@MeasureSpecMode
public static int getMode(int measureSpec) {
return (measureSpec & MODE_MASK);
}

public static int getSize(int measureSpec) {
return (measureSpec & ~MODE_MASK);
}

onMeasure

measure方法是final的,不允许子类重写。为了子类能够自定义他们自己的测量逻辑,View暴露了一个protected的onMeasure方法,允许子类自定义自己的测量流程,但不允许外部调用。

onMeasure方法的默认实现,仅仅只是设置了一下测量结果:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
setMeasuredDimension(getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumWidth(), widthMeasureSpec),
getDefaultSize(getSuggestedMinimumHeight(), heightMeasureSpec));
}

protected final void setMeasuredDimension(int measuredWidth, int measuredHeight) {
...
setMeasuredDimensionRaw(measuredWidth, measuredHeight);
}

private void setMeasuredDimensionRaw(int measuredWidth, int measuredHeight) {
mMeasuredWidth = measuredWidth;
mMeasuredHeight = measuredHeight;

mPrivateFlags |= PFLAG_MEASURED_DIMENSION_SET;
}

ViewGroup的测量

如果说没有子ViewView是叶子节点,那么ViewGroup就是有孩子节点的View

既然View的数据结构是一个多叉树,那么包含有子ViewViewGroup是如何测量的呢?

显而易见,ViewGroup需要先测量它的所有子View,然后根据测量结果,才能测量自身。如果把View当做一棵树来看,测量的过程就是后序遍历。

因此,对于每个View节点,其测量过程必然是这样的:

检查ViewGroup的代码发现,ViewGroup并没有重写onMeasure方法,需要找ViewGroup的子类验证父View与子View的测量逻辑。以FrameLayout为例:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
// FrameLayout.java

protected void onMeasure(int widthMeasureSpec, int heightMeasureSpec) {
...
int maxHeight = 0;
int maxWidth = 0;

for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) {
final View child = getChildAt(i);
measureChildWithMargins(child, widthMeasureSpec, 0, heightMeasureSpec, 0);
final LayoutParams lp = (LayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();
maxWidth = Math.max(maxWidth,
child.getMeasuredWidth() + lp.leftMargin + lp.rightMargin);
maxHeight = Math.max(maxHeight,
child.getMeasuredHeight() + lp.topMargin + lp.bottomMargin);
...
}

setMeasuredDimension(resolveSizeAndState(maxWidth, widthMeasureSpec, childState),
resolveSizeAndState(maxHeight, heightMeasureSpec,
childState << MEASURED_HEIGHT_STATE_SHIFT));
...
}

FrameLayout在测量的时候,先会遍历其子View,调用measureChildWithMargins方法,挨个进行测量,找到最大的高度和宽度,最后调用setMeasuredDimension,将最大高度和最大宽度设置为测量结果,测量基本结束。

从整个过程来看,关键方法就是measureChildWithMargins,其作用就像它的命名一样,带上margin测量子View

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
// ViewGroup.java
protected void measureChildWithMargins(View child,
int parentWidthMeasureSpec, int widthUsed,
int parentHeightMeasureSpec, int heightUsed) {
final MarginLayoutParams lp = (MarginLayoutParams) child.getLayoutParams();

final int childWidthMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentWidthMeasureSpec,
mPaddingLeft + mPaddingRight + lp.leftMargin + lp.rightMargin
+ widthUsed, lp.width);
final int childHeightMeasureSpec = getChildMeasureSpec(parentHeightMeasureSpec,
mPaddingTop + mPaddingBottom + lp.topMargin + lp.bottomMargin
+ heightUsed, lp.height);

child.measure(childWidthMeasureSpec, childHeightMeasureSpec);
}

查看measureChildWithMargins方法发现,它会计算出新的MeasureSpec,然后调用子View的measure方法,把MeasureSpec传递给子View去测量。而计算出新的MeasureSpec的关键逻辑,都藏在了getChildMeasureSpec方法内:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
// View.java

public static int getChildMeasureSpec(int spec, int padding, int childDimension) {
int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(spec);
int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(spec);

int size = Math.max(0, specSize - padding);

int resultSize = 0;
int resultMode = 0;

switch (specMode) {
// Parent has imposed an exact size on us
case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY:
if (childDimension >= 0) {
resultSize = childDimension;
resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
} else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
// Child wants to be our size. So be it.
resultSize = size;
resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
} else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
// Child wants to determine its own size. It can't be
// bigger than us.
resultSize = size;
resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST;
}
break;

// Parent has imposed a maximum size on us
case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST:
if (childDimension >= 0) {
// Child wants a specific size... so be it
resultSize = childDimension;
resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
} else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
// Child wants to be our size, but our size is not fixed.
// Constrain child to not be bigger than us.
resultSize = size;
resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST;
} else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
// Child wants to determine its own size. It can't be
// bigger than us.
resultSize = size;
resultMode = MeasureSpec.AT_MOST;
}
break;

// Parent asked to see how big we want to be
case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED:
if (childDimension >= 0) {
// Child wants a specific size... let him have it
resultSize = childDimension;
resultMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
} else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
// Child wants to be our size... find out how big it should
// be
resultSize = View.sUseZeroUnspecifiedMeasureSpec ? 0 : size;
resultMode = MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED;
} else if (childDimension == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
// Child wants to determine its own size.... find out how
// big it should be
resultSize = View.sUseZeroUnspecifiedMeasureSpec ? 0 : size;
resultMode = MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED;
}
break;
}
return MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(resultSize, resultMode);
}

getChildMeasureSpec方法不长,但它在父子View的测量中起着承上启下的关键作用,因为它是父ViewViewGroup)对子View测量约束的直接体现。

为什么这么说?查看这个方法的入参,大致可以分为两部分:

  • spec - 父ViewMeasureSpec
  • padding, childDimension - 子ViewLayoutParams

本质而言,这个方法就是就是将父ViewMeasureSpec和子ViewLayoutParams转化成新的MeasureSpec,最后将这个新的MeasureSpec通过子View的measure方法传递给子View,以达到约束子View测量的目的。这个新的MeasureSpec就是父View对子View测量行为的约束。

那么,getChildMeasureSpec是如何将父ViewMeasureSpec和子ViewLayoutParams转化成新的MeasureSpec呢?这张表格可以概括:

<tr>
    <td style="text-align:center">match_parent</td>
    <td style="text-align:center">EXACTLY + size</td>
    <td style="text-align:center">AT_MOST + size</td>
    <td style="text-align:center">UNSPECIFIED + size</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td style="text-align:center">wrap_content</td>
    <td style="text-align:center">AT_MOST + size</td>
    <td style="text-align:center">AT_MOST + size</td>
    <td style="text-align:center">UNSPECIFIED + size</td>
</tr>
<tr>
    <td style="text-align:center">指定值</td>
    <td style="text-align:center">EXACTLY + childDimension</td>
    <td style="text-align:center">EXACTLY + childDimension</td>
    <td style="text-align:center">EXACTLY + childDimension</td>
</tr>
childLayoutParam parentMode EXACTLY AT_MOST UNSPECIFED

其中:

  • size是父View的尺寸减去padding
  • childDimension是子ViewLayoutParams

通过getChildMeasureSpec将父ViewMeasureSpec和子ViewLayoutParams转化成新的MeasureSpec后,父View在measureChildWithMargins方法中,直接调用子View的measure方法,子View开始测量。

更一般地,一个View在收到测量请求后,会首先计算出新的MeasureSpec,然后再传递给子View,子View又开始测量;如此往复,直至传递到叶子节点 —— 一个没有子ViewView

叶子节点View测量完毕后,调用setMeasuredDimension将测量结果保存下来,叶子节点View测量完毕,此后调用链开始回归。

调用链回归是自底向上的,从底层到顶层逐级测量并调用setMeasuredDimension将测量结果保存下来,直至回归到顶级View

因此,一棵View树的测量,大致可以分为两个流程:

  • 自顶向下传递测量请求,传递计算出来的新的MeasureSpec
  • 自底向上逐级测量,并设置测量结果

以上过程可以用一张图来概括:

打破约束?

管中窥豹,从FrameLayout的测量逻辑中,我们可以发现一棵View树的测量是:

  • 从根节点到叶子结点层层传递约束、发起测量请求
  • 从叶子结点到根节点执行测量保存结果

那如果子View打破这种约束会怎么样?或者说子View能不能打破这个约束?

MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL

还是以FrameLayout为例,测量结束后,最终会调用setMeasuredDimension设置测量结果:

1
2
3
4
5
// FrameLayout.java

setMeasuredDimension(resolveSizeAndState(maxWidth, widthMeasureSpec, childState),
resolveSizeAndState(maxHeight, heightMeasureSpec,
childState << MEASURED_HEIGHT_STATE_SHIFT));

FrameLayout在测量完毕后,调用resolveSizeAndState方法将测量结果重新包装一次,而后再将其设置为测量结果,看看resolveSizeAndState内部做了什么:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
// View.java

public static int resolveSizeAndState(int size, int measureSpec, int childMeasuredState) {
final int specMode = MeasureSpec.getMode(measureSpec);
final int specSize = MeasureSpec.getSize(measureSpec);
final int result;
switch (specMode) {
case MeasureSpec.AT_MOST:
if (specSize < size) {
result = specSize | MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL;
} else {
result = size;
}
break;
case MeasureSpec.EXACTLY:
result = specSize;
break;
case MeasureSpec.UNSPECIFIED:
default:
result = size;
}
return result | (childMeasuredState & MEASURED_STATE_MASK);
}

入参是:

  • size - 期望的测量结果
  • measureSpec - 父View传递给FrameLayoutMeasureSpec
  • childMeasuredState - FrameLayoutView的测量状态

其返回值取决于父View给的MeasureSpec和期望的测量结果:

  • 当父View的测量模式是AT_MOST时:

    View在测量之前不知道自己多大,但父View的父View又把它的尺寸限制在了specSize以内。如果此时期望的测量结果size > specSize,就会被带上MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL的标记;

  • 当父View的测量模式是EXACTLY时:

    View在测量前就知道自己有多大,FrameLayout的测量结果就是父View传递给它的specSize;

  • 当父View的测量模式是UNSPECIFIED时:

    ViewFrameLayout的尺寸不做限制,要多大就多大;

从代码逻辑上来看,FrameLayout只有在父View的测量模式是AT_MOST的时候,才有可能打破约束。打破约束的后果就是测量结果被带上MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL的标记,用于告诉父View给定的空间太小。

写个布局验证一下:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
<LinearLayout
android:layout_width="200px"
android:layout_height="200px"
app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent">
<com.example.myapplication.CustomFrameLayout
android:layout_width="wrap_content"
android:layout_height="wrap_content">
<ImageView
android:id="@+id/iv"
android:layout_width="300px"
android:layout_height="300px" />
</com.example.myapplication.CustomFrameLayout>
</LinearLayout>

重写FrameLayout的onMeasure方法,打印出测量结果:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
class CustomFrameLayout {
override fun onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec: Int, heightMeasureSpec: Int) {
super.onMeasure(widthMeasureSpec, heightMeasureSpec)

Log.d(TAG, "onMeasure() >>> width=$measuredWidth, height=$measuredHeight, state=$measuredState")
findViewById<View>(R.id.iv)?.apply {
Log.d(TAG, "onMeasure() >>> iv_width=$measuredWidth, iv_height=$measuredHeight, iv_state=$measuredState")
}
}
}

从日志来看,FrameLayout确实对这种情况不对子View的大小做处理,而是带上MEASURED_STATE_TOO_SMALL的标记向上通知它的父View

1
2
3
4
CustomFrameLayout: onMeasure() >>> width=200, height=200, state=16777472
CustomFrameLayout: onMeasure() >>> iv_width=300, iv_height=300, iv_state=0
CustomFrameLayout: onMeasure() >>> width=200, height=200, state=16777472
CustomFrameLayout: onMeasure() >>> iv_width=300, iv_height=300, iv_state=0

然而,打破约束的结果是:

  • View在屏幕中的显示面积为200px*200px
  • measuredWidth和measureHeight都为300px

即:

  • 测量上,父View在测量上没有进一步约束子View
  • 布局和绘制上,父View对子View做了进一步约束

“重写”getChildMeasureSpec

但并不是所有的ViewGroup都像FrameLayout一样没有约束子View的测量结果。例如RelativeLayout,上面的CustomFrameLayout换成CustomRelativeLayout,观察日志:

1
2
3
4
CustomRelativeLayout: onMeasure() >>> width=200, height=200, state=0
CustomRelativeLayout: onMeasure() >>> iv_width=200, iv_height=200, iv_state=0
CustomRelativeLayout: onMeasure() >>> width=200, height=200, state=0
CustomRelativeLayout: onMeasure() >>> iv_width=200, iv_height=200, iv_state=0

咦,ImageView的measuredWidth和measuredHeight都成200px了。

阅读代码发现,其实RelativeLayout“重写”了View的静态方法getChildMeasureSpec:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
private int getChildMeasureSpec(int child
int childSize, int startMargin, i
int endPadding, int mySize) {
...
if (childSize >= 0) {
childSpecMode = MeasureSpec.EXACTLY;
if (maxAvailable >= 0) {
childSpecSize = Math.min(maxAvailable, childSize);
} else {
childSpecSize = childSize;
}
} else if (childSize == LayoutParams.MATCH_PARENT) {
...
} else if (childSize == LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT) {
...
}
...
return MeasureSpec.makeMeasureSpec(childSpecSize, childSpecMode);
}

RelativeLayoutView的尺寸为指定值的情况下,RelativeLayout会以maxAvailable和子View的最小值作为specSize,传递给子View测量 —— 相当于把子View约束在RelativeLayout的尺寸下测量。

结论

本质而言,FrameLayoutRelativeLayout对子View约束的根本不同在于传递给子ViewMeasureSpec不同:

布局 parentMode = AT_MOST
childDimension 为指定值
FrameLayout EXACTLY + childDimension
RelativeLayout EXACTLY + Math.min(childDimension, maxAvailable)

View能否打破约束取决于父View计算子View``MeasureSpec的逻辑,需要根据父View来具体讨论。具体而言:

FrameLayout的子View可以打破约束,使得子View的测量结果比FrameLayout的还要大;

RelaytiveLayout的子View不可以打破约束,如果RelaytiveLayoutAT_MOST并且子View的期望尺寸比RelativeLayoutMeasureSpec.size还要大,RelaytiveLayout会通过传递给子ViewMeasureSpec,进而限制子View的大小。

总结

从整体来看,一棵View的测量,涉及到传递和回归的过程:

  • 传递是指父View发起子View的测量请求,并传递约束MeasureSpec的过程
  • 回归是指请求测量和传递MeasureSpec到叶子节点后,叶子节点开始测量,并逐级向上回归测量的过程

从个体来看,每个View都会接受来自父View的约束,View会根据约束以及自身的LayoutParams独立进行测量。

关于父View对子View的约束,主要是使用MeasureSpec对子View的尺寸进行限制,但这种约束,从测量结果上来看,有强制的和非强制的:

  • 非强制限制:子View的测量尺寸有可能比父View的要大 —— 一个例子:FrameLayout
  • 强制限制:子View的测量尺寸必然比父View的要小 —— 一个例子:RelativeLayout

具体的约束逻辑体现在当前ViewGroup的getChildMeasureSpec上。

最终,View通过传递约束,回归测量来解决画多大的问题。